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Lala Lajpat Rai

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"The Lion of Punjab" redirects here. For other uses, see The Lion of Punjab (disambiguation).

Lala Lajpat Rai

Born	28 January 1865 Dhudike, Punjab, British India
Died	17 November 1928 (age 63) Lahore, Punjab, British India
Organization	Indian National Congress, Arya Samaj
Movement	Indian Independence movement
Religion	Hinduism

Lala Lajpat Rai

pronunciation (help·info), (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian Punjabi author and politician who is chiefly remembered as a leader in the Indian fight for independence from the British Raj. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari meaning The Lion of Punjab also known as "Sher-E- Punjab" in Punjabi. He was part of the Lal Bal Pal trio.^[1] He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages. He sustained serious injuries by the police when leading a non-violent protest against the Simon Commission and died less than three weeks later. His death anniversary (17 November) is one of several days celebrated as Martyrs' Day in India.

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EARLY LIFE[EDIT]

Lajpat Rai was born in Dhudike (now in Moga district, Punjab) on 28 January 1865.^[2]^[3]^[4] (The word 'Lala' is an honorific, applied to prominent Hindu men of the time.) His father was an Aggarwal by caste .^[5] Rai had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School, Rewari (now in Haryana, previously in Punjab), in the late 1870s and early 1880s, where his father, Radha Krishan, was an Urdu teacher. Rai was influenced by Hinduism and created a career of reforming Indian policy through politics and writing.^[6] (When studying law in Lahore, he continued to practice Hinduism. He became a large believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian lifestyle must be based.) Hinduism, he believed, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a non-secular nation could be formed. His involvement with Hindu Mahasabha leaders gathered criticism from the Bharat Sabha as the Mahasabhas were non-secular, which did not conform with the system laid out by the Indian National Congress.^[7] This focus on Hindu practices in the subcontinent would ultimately lead him to the continuation of peaceful movements to create successful demonstrations for Indian independence. He was a devotee ofArya Samaj and was editor of Arya Gazette, which he set up during his student time.^[8] After studying law at the Government College in Lahore, Lajpat Rai practised at Hissar and Lahore, where he helped to establish the nationalistic Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School and became a follower of Dayananda Sarasvati, the founder of the reformist Hindu society Arya Samaj ("Society of Noble People"). After joining the Indian National Congress, and taking part in political agitation in the Punjab, Lajpat Rai was deported to Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar), without trial, in May 1907. In November, however, he was allowed to return when the viceroy, Lord Minto, decided that there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but elements favouring co-operation with the British refused to accept him, and the party split over the issues.

Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside the Bradlaugh Hall at Lahore as an alternative to British institutions, included Bhagat Singh.^[9] He was elected President of the Congress party in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920.^[5] In 1921, He founded Servants of the People Society, a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted based to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India.^[10]

TRAVELS TO AMERICA[EDIT]

COMMISSION PROTESTS AND DEATH[EDIT]

Photo of Rai printed in the February 1920 issue of Young India.

In 1928, the British government set up theCommission, headed by Sir John Simon, to report on the political situation in India. The Indian political parties boycotted the Commission, because it did not include a single Indian in its membership, and it met with country-wide protests. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led silent march in protest against it. The superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the police to lathi charge the protesters and personally assaulted Rai.^[12] Despite being injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd and said that "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin of British rule in India".^[13]He did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928 of a heart attack. Doctors thought that Scott's blows had hastened his death.^[12] However, when the matter was raised in the British Parliament, the British Government denied any role in Rai's death.^[14] Although Bhagat Singh did not witness the event,^[15] he vowed to take revenge,^[14] and joined other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru,Sukhdev Thapar and Chandrashekhar Azad, in a plot to kill Scott.^[16] However, in a case of mistaken identity, Bhagat Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Bhagat Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.^[17] Chanan Singh, a Head Constable who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire.^[18]

This case of mistaken identity did not stop Bhagat Singh and his fellow-members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association from claiming that retribution had been exacted.^[16]

LEGACY[EDIT]

The statue of Rai atShimla, Himachal Pradesh.

Rai has been described as "a pillar of extremist nationalism in India".^[19]

The Lala Lajpat Rai Trust was formed in 1959 on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration, to promote education. The trust was founded by a group of Punjabi philanthropists (including R.P Gupta and B.M Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State of Maharashtra. The Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, in Hisar, Haryana, is a state university was created in memory of Lajpat Rai. A statue of Lajpat Rai stands at the central square in Shimla, India (having been originally erected in Lahore and moved to Shimla in 1948). Lajpat Nagar and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence at Indian Institutes of Technology(IIT) in Kanpur and Kharagpur; as well as the Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga are named in his honour. Also many institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown of Jagraon, district Ludhiana are named after him. The bus terminus in Jagraon, Punjab, India is named after Lala Lajpat Rai. Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital, Kanpur is also named in his honour. Further, there are several roads named after him in many metropolis and other towns of India.

Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned the Lakshmi Building in Karachi - which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him.

Gulab Devi Chest Hospital[edit]

Lajpat Rai's mother, Gulab Devi, died of tuberculosis in Lahore. In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in her memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where she had died.^[20] This became known as the Gulab Devi Chest Hospital and opened on 17 July 1934.

LLRU University in Hisar[edit]

Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences in Hisar, Haryana is named after Lala Lajpat Rai.

WORKS[EDIT]

Rai's writings include:

The Story of My Deportation (1908)
Arya Samaj (1915)
The United States of America: A Hindu’s Impression (1916)
Unhappy India (1928)
Autobiographical Writings .

REFERENCES[EDIT]

Jump up^ Ashalatha, A.; Koropath, Pradeep; Nambarathil, Saritha (2009). "Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement". Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1. Government of Kerala • Department of Education (State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)). p. 72. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
Jump up^ Kathryn Tidrick (2006) Gandhi: a political and spiritual life I.B.Tauris ISBN 978-1-84511-166-3 pp. 113–114
Jump up^ Kenneth W. Jones (1976) Arya dharm: Hindu consciousness in 19th-century Punjab University of California Press ISBN 9788173047091 p.52
Jump up^ Purushottam Nagar (1977) Lala Lajpat Rai: the man and his ideas Manohar Book Service p.161
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "Lala Lajpat Rai". Retrieved 13 October 2011.
Jump up^ Lala Lajpat Rai. Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328063/Lala-Lajpat-Rai
Jump up^ S. K. Mittal and Irfan Habib. "Towards Independence and Socialist Republic: Naujawan Bharat Sabha”. Social Scientist Vol. 8 2, 1979.
Jump up^ "Lala Lajpat Rai". Retrieved 4 May 2012.
Jump up^ "Bradlaugh Hall's demise". Pakistan Today. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
Jump up^ "Head Office". Servants of the People Society accessdate = 27 May 2014.
Jump up^ Raghunath Rai. History. VK Publications. p. 187. ISBN 81-87139-69-2.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Rai, Raghunath (2006). History For Class 12: Cbse. India. VK Publications. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-87139-69-0.
Jump up^ Friend, Corinne (Fall 1977). "Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice". Journal of South Asian Literature 13 (1): 65–90.JSTOR 40873491. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Rana, Bhawan Singh (2005). Bhagat Singh. Diamond Pocket Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-288-0827-2.
Jump up^ Singh, Bhagat; Hooja, Bhupendra (2007). The Jail Notebook and Other Writings. LeftWord Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-87496-72-4.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Gupta, Amit Kumar (Sep–Oct 1997). "Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938". Social Scientist 25(9/10): 3–27. JSTOR 3517678.
Jump up^ Nayar, Kuldip (2000). The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution. Har-Anand Publications. p. 39. ISBN 978-81-241-0700-3.
Jump up^ Rana, Bhawan Singh (2005). Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India). Diamond Pocket Books. p. 65.ISBN 978-81-288-0816-6.
Jump up^ Mittal, S. K.; Habib, Irfan (September 1979). "Towards Independence and Socialist Republic: Naujawan Bharat Sabha: Part One". Social Scientist 8 (2): 18–29. doi:10.2307/3516698. JSTOR 3516698. (subscription required)
Jump up^ "Gulab Devi Chest Hospital". Retrieved 13 October 2011.

EXTERNAL LINKS[EDIT]

Biography portal

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lala Lajpat Rai

Lala Lajpat Rai's books at Hindustan Books
Lala Lajpat Rai's "Young India" in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Satish K Kapoor, He gave a fillip to freedom struggle, Tribune
Works by Lajpat Rai at Project Gutenberg